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วันพฤหัสบดีที่ 29 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2555
Adverb
วันพุธที่ 28 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2555
Adjectives
Definition of Adjective
Adjectives are describing words. Large, grey and friendly are all examples of adjectives. In the examples below, these adjectives are used to describe an elephant.Examples:
- Large whale
- Grey elephant- Friendly dog
Examples:- Follow the yellow cab.
(In this example, the adjective 'yellow' modifies the noun 'cab'.)- Craig caught another large bass.
(In this example, the adjective 'large' modifies the noun 'bass'.)
- Grey elephant- Friendly dog
Adjectives Modify Nouns
The word elephant is a noun. Adjectives are added to nouns to state what kind, what colour, which one or how many. Adjectives are said to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.Examples:- Follow the yellow cab.
(In this example, the adjective 'yellow' modifies the noun 'cab'.)- Craig caught another large bass.
(In this example, the adjective 'large' modifies the noun 'bass'.)
- The principal words should be in bold.
(Beware of the adjective 'principal' - see right)
Adjectives Modify Pronouns
Although less common, adjectives can also modify pronouns.
Examples:- It is a red one.
(In this example, the adjective 'red' modifies the pronoun 'one'.)- Only a brave few have received a recommendation.
Examples:- It is a red one.
(In this example, the adjective 'red' modifies the pronoun 'one'.)- Only a brave few have received a recommendation.
An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
i) Adjectives can come before nouns: a new car
ii) Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast
iii) They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car
iv) They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the car expensive
1. Adjectival Noun
An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.
2. Attributive Adjective
An attributive adjective comes before a noun and not after a copula verb, like BE, SEEM, etc.
3. Common Adjective
A common adjective is an adjective that is not written with a capital letter. Most adjectives are common- ones that are written with a capital letter are proper adjectives .
4. Demonstrative Adjectives
Demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, those) show whether the noun they refer to is singular or plural and whether it is located near to or far from the speaker or writer.
5. Possessive Adjectives
My, your, his, her, its, our, and their are the English possessive adjectives, used with nouns to show possession or ownership.
EG. That's my folder. (My is an adjective which shows that I am the owner of the folder.)
My; your; his; her; its; our; & their are the possessive adjectives in English. They are used before a noun to show possession.
6. Predicative Adjectives
A predicative adjective comes after a copula verb (linking verb) and not before a noun.
7. Proper Adjective
A proper adjective is an adjective that is written with a capital letter. They are often derived from proper nouns:
A Japanese camera- Japanese is derived from the proper noun Japan.
This is not always the case:
Native Americans- Native is not derived from a proper noun, but is capitalised as the words together form the name of the group of people.
8. Ordinary adjectives that are not written with a capital letter are common adjectives.
9. Resultative Adjectives
A resultative adjective is an adjective that is placed postpositively (after the noun it modifies) and reflects a change that occurs by action of the verb on the noun. Hence result +ative.
He cooked the meat rare.
She painted the fence white.
She rinsed the glass clean.
Exercise Adjectives
1. Those are probably the ___________ curtains in the store.
fancyest
fanciest
most fanciest
fancyest
fanciest
most fanciest
2. Uncle Carl is really ______________________ man.
an old sweet
a sweet, old
a sweet old
an old sweet
a sweet, old
a sweet old
3. The Karmen-Ghia used to be _________________ sportscar.
a fine German
a German, fine
a fine, German
a fine German
a German, fine
a fine, German
4. Everyone was home for the holidays. What could make for ___________ Christmas than that?
a merryer
the merriest
a merrier
a merryer
the merriest
a merrier
5. They grew up in ___________________ house in Mexico City.
a comfortable, little
a little, comfortable
a comfortable little
a comfortable, little
a little, comfortable
a comfortable little
6. Diehard is the ____________ movie I've ever seen.
most excited
most exciting
most exciteable
most excited
most exciting
most exciteable
7. Tashonda wanted to take a course with _____________________ professor.
that interesting new Japanese economics
that Japanese interesting, new economics
that interesting, new, Japanese, economics
that interesting new Japanese economics
that Japanese interesting, new economics
that interesting, new, Japanese, economics
8. Of all the mechanics in the shop, Jerzy is surely ______________ .
the less competent.
the least competent.
the competentest.
the less competent.
the least competent.
the competentest.
9. In the fall, the valleys tend to be ___________ than the hilltops.
foggy
more foggier
foggier
foggy
more foggier
foggier
10. My cold is definitely _________ this morning.
worse
worst
worser
worse
worst
worser
Answer:
1. fanciest.
2. a sweet old.
3. a fine German.
4. a merrier.
5. a comfortable little.
6. most exciting.
7. that interesting new Japanese economics.
8. the least competent.
9. foggier
10. worse
Articles
Using Articles
What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like adjectives, articles modify nouns.
English has two articles: the and a/an. The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns ; a/an is used to modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.
We call the the definite article and a/an the indefinite article.
the = definite article
a/an = indefinite article
For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specific book. If I say, "Let's read abook," I mean any book rather than a specific book.
Here's another way to explain it: The is used to refer to a specific or particular member of a group.
For example, "I just saw the most popular movie of the year." There are many movies, but only one particular movie is the most popular. Therefore, we use the.
"A/an" is used to refer to a non-specific or non-particular member of the group. For example, "I would like to go see a movie." Here, we're not talking about a specific movie. We're talking about any movie. There are many movies, and I want to see any movie. I don't have a specific one in mind.
Let's look at each kind of article a little more closely.
Indefinite Articles: a and an
"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to any member of a group. For example:
- "My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog yet.
- "Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to any policeman. We don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is available.
- "When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one we're talking about here.
Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...
- a + singular noun beginning with a consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a dog
- an + singular noun beginning with a vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an idiot;an orphan
- a + singular noun beginning with a consonant sound: a user (sounds like 'yoo-zer,' i.e. begins with a consonant 'y' sound, so 'a' is used); a university; a unicycle
- an + nouns starting with silent "h": an hour
- a + nouns starting with a pronounced "h": a horsen some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," you can use an. However, a is more commonly used and preferred.A historical event is worth recording.
Definite Article: the
The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For example:
"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're talking about aparticular policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is the one who saved the cat.
"I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
The can be used with uncountable nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.
- "I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).
- "He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any milk).
"A/an" can be used only with countable nouns.
- "I need a bottle of water."
- "I need a new glass of milk."
Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.
Geographical use of the
There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.
Do not use the before:
- names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands,the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States
- names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
- names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St.
- names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes likethe Great Lakes
- names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains likethe Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
- names of continents (Asia, Europe)
- names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like theAleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands
Do use the before:
- names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific
- points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole
- geographical areas: the Middle East, the West
- deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula
วันเสาร์ที่ 8 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2555
Visual Stimulus Comprehension
*Visuals can be a picteures on their own or combined with words to convey meaning.
*Symbols,signs,maps,diagrams and storyboards use visuals for a purpose.
*All visuals contain a message. The message could be interpreted as a story,a warning,an advertisement or as information to educate or influence people to buy something or to take some action.
1.Understanding Symbols and Signs
*Symbols are internationally recognised visuals with a clear message.
*They are understood by people everywhere, no matter what language they speak.
*Signs use symbols, colors, words or numbers to convey a message.
2.Understanding Maps
*Maps are a diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features such as cities, roads, buildings, etc.
*These visuals offer a bird's eye view of the location of things on a flat surface.
*Maps may have symbols and a key to explain the symbols.
*Diagrams explain how things work, describe a process or different parts of an object.
*They can use arrows to show movement or labels to name the parts.
4.Understanding Storyboards
*Symbols,signs,maps,diagrams and storyboards use visuals for a purpose.
*All visuals contain a message. The message could be interpreted as a story,a warning,an advertisement or as information to educate or influence people to buy something or to take some action.
1.Understanding Symbols and Signs
*Symbols are internationally recognised visuals with a clear message.
*They are understood by people everywhere, no matter what language they speak.
Look at these familiar symbols used at airports, on road signs, etc, and their meanings.
 |
| Train station |
 | |||||||||||||||||||
| toilet |
*Signs use symbols, colors, words or numbers to convey a message.
*Read signs can be a warning for driver safety (yellow signs), orders to be followed (red signs), or additional information (green signs).
*A sign with a cross through it signifies something cannot be done.
*Maps are a diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features such as cities, roads, buildings, etc.
*These visuals offer a bird's eye view of the location of things on a flat surface.
*Maps may have symbols and a key to explain the symbols.
Study this map. Read the labels and understand what they mean. Read the instructions next to the map. Study the words in colour.
- My home is opposite the resident.
-The Prince Royal's Collage is on the corner opposite the tennis court.
3.Understanding Diagram*Diagrams explain how things work, describe a process or different parts of an object.
*They can use arrows to show movement or labels to name the parts.
Study this diagram and the text below on the lifecycle of a butterfly.
A butterfly starts life from an egg. The larvaq or caterpillar hatches from the egg and constantly feeds on leaves or flowers. The caterpillar loses its old skin many times as it grows. It then transforms itself into a pupa or chrysalis; this is called the resting stage. Finally, a beautiful adult butterfly emerges. The adult butterfly will continue the cycle.
4.Understanding Storyboards
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